Dietary Reference Intake


Some published articles with information related to these four categories are listed below.

      EAR-Unwanted dermal signs were present in 100% infants receiving 0.04 % energy as linoleate, but in only 40% infants receiving 0.07 % energy as linoleate and not in any receiving 1.3 %. The EAR may be near 0.06 % of energy. [Hansen AE, Haggard, ME, Boelsche, AN, Adam, DJD, Wiese, HF. (1958) Essential fatty acids in infant nutrition. III. Clinical manifestations of linoleic acid deficiency. J.Nutr. 66: 565-576.; Hansen, AE, Wiese, HF, Boelsche, AN, Haggard, ME, Adam, DJD, Davis, H. (1963) Role of linoleic acid in infant nutrition. Clinical and chemical study of 428 infants fed on milk mixtures varying in kind and amount of fat. Pediatrics 31: 171-192.]
      RDA-Thousands of healthy infants were raised with diets containing omega-6 as 0.4 to 0.9 % energy, and calculation showed that probably less than 0.5 % energy was needed to prevent deficiency symptoms in infants. This level may meet requirements for 97% to 98% of infants. [Combes, MA, Pratt, EL, Wiese, HF. (1962) Essential fatty acids in premature infant feeding. Pediatrics 30: 136-144.; Cuthbertson, WFJ. (1976) Essential fatty acid requirements in infancy. Am. J.Clin.Nutr. 29: 559-568.]
      AI- Although not rigorously determined, intakes from 1 % to 3 % of daily energy as omega-6 seem adequate. [Simopoulos AP; Leaf A; Salem N Jr. Workshop on the Essentiality of and Recommended Dietary Intakes for Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. J Am Coll Nutr 1999; 18 (5):487-489.]
      UL-Excessive omega-6 eicosanoid actions and thrombotic deaths seem less frequent with balanced omega-3/omega-6 intakes. [Michael deLogeril et al, The Final Report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 1999; 99: 779-785.; Lands, W.E.M. Biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Ann. Rev. Nutrition 1991; 11: 41-60.]
      Quintiles of dietary intake of linoleate-in the USA have the following means: 2.9; 4.4; 5.5; 6.9; 10.3 en%. [ Dolecek, T.A., Grandits, G. In World Review of Nutrition and Diet (AP Simopoulos, RE Kifer, RR Martin, SE Barlow, eds.) 1991; 66: 205-216. Karger, Basel. ]

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